Thermal protection systems are essential for safeguarding aerospace vehicles during high‐temperature exposures, such as atmospheric entry and re-entry. These systems utilise ablative materials that, ...

NASA’s Orion Multipurpose Crew Vehicle has been designed to transport a crew of six to and from deep space, including an asteroid (≈2025) and Mars (≈2030). It comprises two modules: the Crew Module ...

NASA is working on two heat shield materials. Two ablative materials for heat shields, AVCOAT and PICA, are being tested. Both materials proved successful in previous missions to space. AVCOAT, which ...

Ablative composites are engineered materials designed to protect structures from extreme thermal environments by gradually eroding and forming a protective char layer. Widely used in aerospace and ...