It is well known that organic molecules from the vertebrate extracellular matrix of calcifying tissues are essential in structuring the apatite mineral. Here, we show that water also plays a ...

Water–solid interactions are of broad importance both in nature and technology. The hexagonal bilayer model based on the Bernal–Fowler–Pauling ice rules has been widely adopted to describe water ...

Is there a “fourth phase of water”? From time to time you might see people talking up the health benefits of so-called hexagonal water, or structured water, or exclusion-zone (EZ) water. A few weeks ...

Researchers at the Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI), Kanazawa University, have used three-dimensional atomic force microscopy (AFM) and molecular dynamics simulations to determine the ...