Plug and abandonment is the process of permanently sealing an oil, gas, or water well that is no longer in use to prevent environmental contamination, such as groundwater pollution or methane leaks. This involves clearing the wellbore, installing permanent barriers like cement plugs to isolate different formations, and capping the wellhead. The process is crucial for safety, environmental protection, and site restoration after a well's useful life. The plugging and abandonment process Clear the